Radar system for moving target indication



May 19, 1953 B. E. WATT RADAR SYETEM FOR MOVING TARGET INDICATION Filed Feb. 18, 1946 RECEIVER 2 Shegts-Sheet .1

T RANSMITTER h REGENERATIVE AMPLIFIER GATE I8 CARRIER OSCILLATOR DELAY LINE so as POWER TRIGGER f AMPLIFIER OSCILLATOR BLOCKING DETECTOR OSCILLATOR 1 {24 34 CARRIER AMPLIFIER DELAY COMPARATOR INVENTOR BOB E.WATT

B) m Q Azz.

A T TORNE Y y 9, 1953 B. E. WATT 2,639,420 RADAR SYSTEM FOR MOVING TARGET INDICATION Filed Feb. 18, 1946 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 E .p c

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o q, 33% g 8 Q I INVENTOR I 808 E. WATT m u. m o o y QVMMQM-ee A T TORNE Y Patented May 19, 195 3 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE RADAR SYSTEM FOR MOVING TARGET INDICATION v I Bob E. Watt, Tulsa, 0k1a., assignor, by mesne as signments; to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of War Application February 18, 1946; Serial No.648,5 31

7 Claims.

the position of moving objects in space normally I employ a transmitter as a source of high frequency, high power exploratory pulses of relatively' short time duration. These exploratory pulses are radiated from a directional antenna that also serves a receiving antenna after the exploratory pulses'have been transmitted. The

exploratory pulses are reflected or reradiated from objects in space and a portion of this re-' flected energy is picked up by the system antenna.

Areceiver connected to the antenna amplifies and the'reference voltage and hence videosignals resulting from the combination of the echoes from fixed targets and the reference voltage will be of constant amplitude. Echoes from movingtargets willhave a variable phase with respectto the reference voltage due to the change in posi tion of the reflecting object, therefore, video sig} nals representing moving objects will vary in amplitude. A fixed object cancelling circuit in then empld'y'edto eliminate signals of constant ampliv tude while retaining signals of varying amplitude; When the retained signals are applied to an indicator, the information delineated thereon will represent only 'moving targets. A more complete description of the basic principles of a moving;

Echoes from fixed targets have a constant phase with respect to;

targetindication'system is set forth in the copending application of Robert H. Dicke entitled Communication System, Serial No. 590,052} filed April 24, 1945 and issued on December 29, 1950 as Patent No. 2,535,274.

In order to obtain satisfactory operation ina-j movingtarget; indication system, it is necessary to maintain a constant interval of time between successive exploratory pulses and it is also necessary to provide as a part of the fixed object cancelling circuit a delay for received signalsthat isfs'jubsitantially equal in time to the time interval I (50 It is an object of the present invention therefbetween successive exploratory pulses. r a

fore. to'fprovide a novel circuit for maintaining the proper spacing in-time of exploratory-pulses ,andfor providing the proper;delay 'in receivedj signals:

For a better understanding of the invention together with other and further objects thereof reference is had to the following description takenin connection with the accompanying drawings in which: V.

Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram in block form of the present invention; and

Fig. 2 is a series of voltage waveforms-taken at selected, points in the circuit of Figr'l.

Referring now more particularly to Fig. 1 of the drawings for a detailed description of the circuit of the present invention, a transmitter I0 supplies exploratory pulses to an 'antenna l2 through a transmit-receive switch or T-R device l4. After the exploratory pulses have been transmitted, T-R. device connects antenna I2 to the" system receiver 16. Receiver [6 is so designed that-the video'signals from the receiver representing fixed objects are of constant amplitude while video signals from the receiver representing moving targets undergo a cyclic variation in amplitude. A receiver of this type is shown in Patent No.'2,421,020. This may be done by beat ing the returning echosignals with a reference oscillation that always bears a fixed phase relation to the transmitted pulses. j

"The output of receiver I6 is applied as an activating or modulatingsignal to pulse carrier fre quency oscillator [8. "The output of oscillator 18 is applied to the input of a delay line 20 and to the input of a comparator circuit 22. The output of-delay line 20 is applied to the input of a1 carrier frequency amplifier 24 hereinafter termed a'carrier amplifier and to a second delay circuit -26. The outputof delay circuit 26 is applied to a second input connection to comparator circuit 22;""Th8011t13l1t0f carrier amplifier 24 is applied through a'regenerative amplifier 28 to a powerj 34 to the input of a blocking oscillator 36. Block? ing'oscillator 36 supplies an initiating signal to gategenerator'32 and transmitter 10. A trigger oscillator 38 supplies a signal to the input of delay line 20. Moving'target indication data istaken from comparator circuit 22 and applied to an indicator (not shown).

Reference is now had jointly to Figs. of the drawings fora detailed description of the operation of the present invention. With power supplied'to all funits inltheicoriyenti manner; "bu-t"with"th'e system not in operation, trigger land 2 L oscillator 38 is caused to produce a pulse of oscillatory energy. This pulse of energy is illustrated in Fig. 2A of the drawings. Since the signal from trigger oscillator 38 is required only at the time the system is placed in operation and is not required thereafter, oscillator 38 may, for example, be push-buttonedbontrolled so that ,a? sinelezpulsef f toryene ey of afew croseconds? dime-1 tion is produced each time the push-button is depressed. known in the art may be em'ployed to control this circuit. The signal now su-ppliedaby tr-iggeroseilL-- later 38 could of course be supplied by carrier' oscillator 28 since the signals from these; two;

oscillators are of the same; frequency andtare both connected to the input of delay line 2iflc Ifrv oscillator it is used to initiate .,the synchronizing signal a suitable switch or controlm'ay be added to oscillator It to cause this circuit to produce. the desired signal. Oscillator 38 may then be mi t d. I

Lhaoutput o osci lator 3a,-is:.-a ,1ied.tc;the.- input-. .oi. delay. line .26., After. a: delay; determined r hev onst nt lor delaa ine: 2m asimilar. signal.- will appear at the output thereof and this signal p l e e nput. o ar ie amp fies iri- This" signal is illustrated as. pulse 51h. li'ig .2B."v The, interval, between the leading edge 0f. the pulse in Fig.2A and thevleading edge f,p ulset 5E, Fig. .,2B,. is .eoualtolthe time delaynalineszfl. Garner; m l fier .2iamn ifiesthe sig als received. from, delay, line 29 and. in. turnapplies. them ,to, the input, of regenerative amplifier, 28. The gOUtrputioi. amplifier. 2.4..is, shQWn as pulse :54 in .Eie; 2c, The. time. interval 5b,. between the? leading; edge or pulse mend theleadingv edge of pulse,.5.-4. edue a het me e ay. in mplifier. 2.4. This. time. delay. is..a..func tion of 'the widthiof. the-pass, band; of 4 amplifier. 2A andthereiore mplifier 24.. ma e. desi ned with a Variable width pa s-band 10 to provideladiustment.in tne.delaychanneh The. .output.of carrier, amplifier 24 isl .p a ssedi through ,two, amplifiersisrandfio [both of. which; re; sated y a nal fr m (sate. enerator; 32..

Thesisna r me n rator 2 s.su h.that-.amuli-.

fiers 28 and 30ers operative.-.before.lthe; pulse: mamplifi 151s appl edtoampiifierit. Th output of; amplifier, as, I shown. aspuljse 58,,Fig, 2D; isapplied "through .detector.34..to ,the. blocking oscillatorifi'. Detectorfi rectifiesthe sifgnalfrom... ampl fier 3t and; provides... oscilla or 36.;- with potential: thatlcausesit a to. be.,oprative..-and to.- plfodlice a. .puls'e of energy,' shownl ampules: 60, is-.. t h .s...pulse hat. ausestransmitter I 81; to t be, operative and .the. trailing" edge? i i.l?} i also used; tocauseefiesenra e 1 pply a tiva.tin isna1to am pl fiier r 1 nd fil -1. The .puls r mpscillator. 3.6 also' servesto synchronize the. operation .ofiggem. erator 3:23 with the operation of the r5517 lof the 60 system. InFig. Z-itLcanb'e. seen...thjat.a slight. delay 64 occurs between pulse, 54; iiiglflgl and, pulse 58; Fig 2D; This is, the; result of. delays, in-amplifiers 285and 30; Ajsimilar,de1ay.66;occurs.-;

tw t adin .'ipu1si 58.. andthaleading edge of "pulse or resulting from. ,delays in. detector 34 and; oscillator 351. These various. delays will varywith thejparticularmdesign ottlies circuits used; however, their magnitude -may. be". easily-determined and the other delays adjusted; aoco d n ly- T e u ut sate ,se rat r.32.-

shown in Fi 2F. Airelatively long pulse. 68 HS produced-by; generator 32"- beginning at a time corresponding to the trailing edge of 'pulse.-. 60.5., Fig, 2E. Pulse G8 is such that amplifiers .28 ';and.:.

Any other convenient device well, 15

' between SLICCSSSl-Vfl exploratory pulses" so'* that 30 are rendered inoperative when it is applied thereto and the duration of this pulse, as determined by the constants of generator 32, is such that it terminates just before the next synchronizing pulse is applied to amplifier 28.

A portion of the output from power amplifier Suds-applied tQPth-G. inputof delay line,- 20 'to provide the: nest synchronizing. pulse; The; output of amplifier 3n replaces the output of oscillator 3.8;; therefore, the output of this latter circuit is no longer required. The output of power ampli i1ierr3l will be-delayed by line 29 and the synchronizing cycle will be repeated. It can be seen thatflhe period ofzthersynchronizing cycle is determinedibwthetime delay in line it plus the time-,delaysximthexvarious amplifiers.

The output. of. receiver it consists of video pulses representingechoes resulting from the refleotiomof the exploratory pulses by fixed and moving objects in space. Pulses representing successiveeehoes from a fixedtargetwill have ,the sameflamplitude but .the amplitude. of pulses rep,- resenting.successive, echces-iromam oving target. will'undergo a cyclic variation... The videopulses; in,the:.o.utput of. receiver. I 5; areapplied .to carrier oscillator [8 in av manner, to. cause amplitude. modulation of thesignallproduced. therein. The pulse..modulated' signals. from oscillator. lsfh'ave thesame. carrierfrequency assignalsfrom trigger: oscillator, 38,. These p ulses.;.are. appliedfdirectly, totheinputofjdelay lineifi, The output of .delay; line ZilisappliedjthrQuQh a second delay network... Ztjto one. input ofjcomparator circuit 22. Delay network 2'Bf may represent the delay in. several". stages. of amplification interposed between delay, line. 20: and 1 comparator 22 oryit; maybe: a delay, type. transmission line.

Theoutput of'carrier'oscillator i8'is also ap plied directly tocomparator22i Comparator circuit 22compares the amplitude of pulses received simultaneously at the two input connections. and. supplies at the. output terminal marked MTI'Q' in Fig. 1" signals representing movingjargets. Figs; 2G; ZT-lfand- 2I"i1lustrate. the method, of comparison-employed in'this system.

Pulses. 89: 82; 8 and; 86; Fig, 2G; represent signalstliat' are applied" directly to" comparator circuit- 22 from-oscillator lSC For: purposes off illustrationonly; pulses all; 82,184 and 8'6 1 have. beenslrrown' as ;video pulses. althoughitis to be,

understood that thesesignals "are-actually pulses of-foscillatory 'energy; PulseBUQF g' 2G, repre sentstheexploratory" pulse." and occurs: at the" same'time'as-puls'e fifll' FigflE... Pulse 82;"Fig 266;. represents" an -echo resulting from the. reflection of the exploratory-pulse from a moving; object? The spacinggin time between pulses :8 0 "and 8 2' is. indicative of-I the-- range from the. radio=objectt locating system" to the object causin pulse.v 82? Pulse-@8 3 represents; the exploratory pulse next:

" following pulse 89 and pu-lse'ii fiiisjth'e echo-pulse.

representingthe samerv object asidoes. pulse 821. In this description it l1as beenJasSumed that thiemotion of I therefiecting obj ect causes "pulse etc be of greater amplitude than is pulse' 82f Fig: 2H? represents the inputtocomparator" circuit 22from-delay net-worlr-Mf Pulses 'BBTand" SO' repr-esentth'esame output .signa-ls:from oscili-f later I Was do pulses flil and B-2"bi1tthle'former1aredelayed intime by' an amount equal to'the-spacing'j theyoccur in tihracoincidence withpulses 84. and 186? Fig; 2G; Comparator circuit"22,- as .before rstatedf compares the signals .:appli'edtatits two inputs and "producesa signal"'equal tout/hen aesaaao 22. 1 Pulses 86 and 90 are of diirerent amplitudes so that a signal appears at the output of circuit 22 at the time pulses 86 and 90 are applied to the inputs. This output signal is illustrated as pulse 92, Fig. 2I. The spacing in time between pulse 88, Fig. 2H, and pulse 92, Fig. 21, is indicative of the range from the radio object locating system to the target causing pulse 92. Therefore, the signals from comparator 2Z"may be applied to any of the various types of indicators to provide range information of moving targets surrounding the radio object-locating system. This range information maybe combined on the system indicator with elevation or azimuth information in the same mannerthat it is combined in conventional radio object-locating systems. I

Dotted pulses 94 and 9t illustrate the position in tirne of the signals 88 and 90 at the output of andhence illustrate the need for delay means 26. This may become more evident by recalling that the time interval between pulses 8c and at isequal to the time delay incurred'by the pulse in the delay circuit Zll whereas the time interval between pulses '80 and 84 is equal to the time interval between successive exploratory pulses, whichlater time interval is equal to the time delay incured by a pulse in delay circuit 20 plus thetime delay incurred in amplifiers 24, 28 a and 30.

"N o echo pulses representing fixed targets have been illustrated because the cancellation of these pulses are exactly analogous to the cancellation of the pulses. and 8 8, l I

It is impossible for the returning echo signals to trigger the blocking oscillator 36 and thus causeiansexploratory pulse to.be transmitted be.-

causeamplifiersn and 38 are held inoperative by gate generator 32 during the time that echoes areb'eing received. Likewise, the pulse of energy employed to trigger oscillator 36 will not cause an erroneous indication to appear on the indicator because this pulse. occurs at what corresponds' to the extreme range of the system'and this extreme range may not even be displayed on the indicator.

The advantages of this system are thought to be obvious from the foregoing discussion. The same delay line is employed to synchronize the pulse repetition frequency of the transmitter and to store or delay the received echo pulses. This increases the stability of the system. Adjustments may be made in the delay of the transmitter synchronizing channel by varying the delay in amplifier 24 and adjustments may be made in the signal delay channel by adjustment of delay means 26. Relatively simple and stable circuit elements have been employed throughout and no complicated signal mixing or separating means are employed.

Therefore while there has been described what is at present considered the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it should be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention.

What is claimed is:

1. In a radio object locating system including a pulse type transmitter, a receiver supplying echo signals and an antenna connected to said;

receiver and transmitter, the apparatus comprising a carrier oscillator, means for modulating the output of said oscillator with the output of. said receiver, a first and second delay means.

comparison means, means for applying the .out-

put of said oscillator to a first input of said;

comparison means through said first and. said second delaymeans in series, means for apply-.

ing the output of said oscillator directly to a second input of said comparison means, a first amplifier means, a first and a second gated ampli: fier means, a detector means, means for applying the output of said first delay means to said detector means through said first amplifier means and said first and second gated amplifiers in series, the output of said second gated amplifier being connected to the input of said first delay means, a gate generator means supplying a cone, trolling signal and connected to said first and tector means, saidblocking oscillator being con-.. Jlnected to said gate generator and said transmitter for supplying a controlling signal thereto, and

a source of oscillatory energy connected to the.

input of said first delay means.

.2. .A radio object locating system including a ,pulse type transmitter, a receiver. supplying tar.- get echo signals, a receiver channel including a source of oscillatory energy, a first delaymeans connected to said source of energy, at least one gated amplifier means, a detector means, means for applying the output of said first delay means to said detector means through said amplifier. means in series, a gate generator means supplying a controlling signal and connected to said.

gated amplifier means, a pulse generator means connected to the output of said detector for sup-' plying a controlling signal to said gate generator means and said transmitter, said controlling signal causing said transmitter to generate an exploratory pulse, means for applying the output of said amplifier means to the input of said first delay means, whereby a signal is caused to be.

recirculated through saidreceiver channel and thereby periodically supply a controlling signal to said transmitter, a second delay means, com-' parison means, means for applying .the output of. i.

said receiver to a first input connection to said comparison means through said first and said second delay means, and means for applying the output of said receiver to a second input of said comparison means without appreciable delay, said comparison means combining the two input signals in a manner to provide, as an output signal therefrom, data relating to moving objects only.

3. A radio object locating system including a pulse type transmitter, a receiver supplying echo signals reflected from objects in the path of pulses transmitted by said transmitter, delay means having an input connection coupled to said receiver and an output connection, a detector means, amplifier coupling means connected to the output connection of said delay means for applying the output of said delay means to said detector means, means for periodically disabling said coupling means for predetermined intervals, a pulse generator means connected to the output of said detector for supplying a controlling signal to said disabling means and said transmitter, said controlling signal causing said transmitter to generate an expiomtoryf pulseg. means": fbrr applying the: outputs oizseiidfi amplifier 'coupiingr'meems to iIIIiTlt of sazieta delay means; whereby: acontrolling: signal wm be: periodically: sup-pli'ecllto Sam transmitter; comparison. means for diifeifeiitially combining; twoi input signals and producing; an output sigen31 therefrom me'ams for: connecting the: outputfi connection of' saidideliy means -t'o a. firstv iii-1 pm. con'nmion' of said eomparison' ime'ains; .zsndl mea'ns fori'a'pplwln'g-ithei out et-1t of saiii recei-ver to a: sec ond input of: said: comparison means: without" anpreci-abl'et delay: 4

in: Amradio'sobjech 1oLa;ti-ng:.system including: a; pulse: type treuosrziitter;z and a receiver." channel including: a: source: 01 oseill-lxtorys energ m. delay meeeenshaving? an: input- 001mection connected tOSEJ1d SGl1I 68 of osciliat'orys energy and anoat putt cbnnectti-en; a gat'edi means; .a deetecto'r means, rrreans for coii'nectingsthe output: connection of seid deiay! means-1m saidrdetector means tiir oug h said :a-mplifier means ini serie;;-.a= gaterv gieneraitor rheanssuppiyihga controlling sigenalfand co'nnected to saidu a-ted ampfifie rnroans;. a ulse: generator meansiconnecteei tothecoutput offsziidsdeteotor for 'supplyingsa oontiolling signal to said gate generator means and said transemittenzsaid:controlling signal causing said transmitter to generate": an exploratory pulse; and? means i f or applying; the outputofrisaid i amplifier means: to the: input ofz said delay means,- wher'e by a sigria11 is maused to ice recrrc iflated: through said receiver charmer and thereby periodically supply. a'controiling. signal to saiditransmitter? 5. -.Thersystem of claim. e, further including: comparison =mea=ns for diiierentiaily combingatwo inplztfi signals and: produeingi an output signal;. delay means coupling the output connection of" thfilBt-HZBIIIBCI delay; "means ts a; first'input con n'ection of' saidcoinparison' meanspi and; means: for: -coupling; the: output' of: said-' source: of-- oscillae tony energy: to. av secondlinputconnection voifisafid comparison means without appreciable: delam 6; A" radio: object locating; systemz-inoiudin i. pulse: transmitter," delay? line means: having. input and an outp.ut=c'onnection; coupling means: having its input coupled to said." output connecf tion and its-output-oo 1111162171130 said. input' 'connecition; said i. delay. line:- means: and: coupling forming; a: first; closed series loop; trigger: geiier atom meansshavingi its input' coupleditol saicl first 8'; closed seeies Hoop;- gates generator meanss naviiigt it's ifi'put coiineoted tb tkiel'outijut fromsaiehtrige gel- 'g-erieretorrmeans ma: its'toutput' connected :toJ sa1d.*eoiipline meaznsfiforrrenderiia esaidifirst series! loo-p2 elternaztelir conductive and-l non-nominative fo'r p'redete'rnii (ed-periods;,said trigger gene'rmioitmeans; ete enere we means; and coup'iin'g means: fb'i'miiigf a seeond closed: series loo and; means: for apsli tn' "'the oiltfiut of sari-oitriggerrgeneratorr' meanste trig ger saio transmitter;

means-, gateeneratbr'means; ano cou lin means forming ar second closed series loop;- means for a pplyiiig' the output of" said trigger generator to trigger sa'ii transmitter; oscillator means having its-outbufieouple'd to the iiiput co'n nection or said.- deiey' line means; comparison means for 'd'ifierentillfy oombir'iiiigtWdifipUt siE 1191s; to produce output signal} means for c'o'u' p'iing said output connection of said' dl'ty lifte means" to" said comparison meansto "'provieie one' inputtherefbr', and meansforcouplih'g'the 'output of said oscillator means without substantialdeliy as the other inpiitto saidcompe risonmeans;

BOBES WATT. 

